—Thinking on the 20th anniversary of the proposed concept of “Green water and green mountains are gold and silver mountains”
China.com/ChinaBabaylan 1990 cloth draw Development Portal News The natural reserve system with national parks as the main body is the most important practical carrier of the concept of “Green water and green mountains are gold and silver mountains” (hereinafter referred to as “two mountains”), carrying the important mission of providing high-quality ecological products and supporting the harmonious coexistence of man and nature. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the construction of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body has made major progress and positive results in top-level design, institutional reform, standard and norm formulation, spatial layout, ecological environment supervision, scientific support, etc., which has promoted the continuous recovery of key protected wildlife and plant populations in my country, and the steadily improved ecosystem diversity, stability and sustainability, making important contributions to ensuring national ecological security and supporting the construction of a beautiful China.
Entering a new era, my country has moved from building a moderately prosperous society in all respects to a new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country. The world’s major changes unseen in a century are reshaping the global governance pattern. With the deepening of reform, the construction of the natural reserve system with national parks as the main body has also entered a bottleneck period, and it is urgent to further deepen reform and solve the current difficulties. Based on long-term field investigation and scientific research on the natural reserve system with national parks as the main body, this paper attempts to propose new ideas for the construction of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body in the new era on the basis of in-depth analysis of the new requirements and difficulties in the new era, in order to provide support for the establishment of a natural reserve system that serves the overall national modernization strategy.
New Mission for the construction of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body in the new era
The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has drawn up a grand blueprint for basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035. The maid in front of the target master looked familiar, but she couldn’t remember her own name. Blue Yuhua couldn’t help but ask: “What’s your name?” The grand blueprint for building our country into a prosperous, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful socialist modern country in the middle of the 21st century. The Babaylan 1990 cloth draw nature reserve system with national parks as the main body is an important support for Chinese-style modernization construction. It is necessary to actively undertake the new mission entrusted in the new era around the goals proposed in the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the major strategic deployment of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
Chinese-style modernization construction puts forward new requirements for the construction of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body
The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly stated that Chinese-style modernization is a huge population, common prosperity for all people, and material civilization.icmov.com/”>Komiks 1960 witch clothes draw is coordinated with spiritual civilization, harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and modernization of the path of peaceful development. This puts forward higher requirements for the construction of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body. It is necessary to start from the overall situation of serving the Chinese-style modernization construction, reshape its functional positioning and expand its institutional mission.
The natural reserve system needs to explore the path of harmonious coexistence between man and nature for national key ecological protection areas. As of 2016, the number of counties and cities in my country has been included in the national key ecological functional areas. The number reaches 676, accounting for about 53% of the country’s land area, and the land area included in the ecological protection red line exceeds 30%. While ensuring national ecological security, these national key ecological protection areas need to achieve modernization simultaneously with the whole country. It is urgent to explore the path to achieve harmonious coexistence between man and nature. As the most important national key ecological protection zone in my country’s natural ecosystem, the richest ecological products, and the relatively mature management system, nature reserves should become a modern way to explore the transformation path of the “two mountains” and support the harmonious coexistence between man and nature. href=”https://comicmov.com/”>Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw pioneer in the construction of witch cloth.
Staff the goal of common prosperity and coordinate ecological protection and rural revitalization. my country’s nature reserves are distributed in rural communities with large populations around it. Babaylan 1990 clothes draw Under the background of strict protection, community livelihood transformation is difficult and common prosperity is a long way to go. In the new era, the construction of the nature reserve system needs to establish an effective community sustainable development mechanism to ensure that the majority of people who have contributed and sacrificed to ecological protection can enjoy the results of the reform fairly.
The role of cultural diversity in nature reserves should be played. The rich cultural diversity of the distribution of China’s nature reserve system is not only an important foundation for biodiversity protection, but also an important resource to enhance the sense of belonging to local communities and cultivate national cultural confidence and pride. Nature reserves in the new era The construction of the system needs to attach great importance to the coordinated protection of biodiversity and cultural diversity, and provide cultural support for the modernization of material and spiritual civilization in the rural areas where nature reserves are located.
The new era requires the nature reserve system to provide more high-quality ecological products to meet the people’s growing needs for getting close to nature and enjoying nature
China is entering the ranks of high-income countries. With the improvement of living and income levels, the public is getting close to nature and enjoying nature, and hiking, climbing, camping, cycling, exploring, and researching in nature. href=”https://comicmov.com/”>Babaylan 1990 clothesThe demand for education and health care is growing. The “2024 China Land Greening Status Bulletin” released in 2025 shows that the number of eco-tourism tourists nationwide in 2024 reached 2.76 billion, and is in a rapid growth trend; the “National Medium- and Long-term Development Plan for Natural Education (2023-2035)” released in 2023 pointed out that the country currently organizes more than 1 million nature education-related activities every year and has more than 100 million participants, and has proposed the development goal of more than 1 billion people participating in nature education activities at all levels and types by 2035. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China required the promotion of better adaptation of national governance and social development, and put forward major principles of further comprehensive deepening of reform such as “adhering to people-centeredness”. The natural reserve system with national parks as the main body, as the area with the richest natural education and ecological experience resources in the country, should provide more high-quality ecological products and recreation, education and experience opportunities to meet the people’s growing needs to get close to nature and enjoy nature.
The new era requires the natural protection system to support high-quality development with high-level protection
In addition to natural parks, China’s national parks and nature reserves are mostly distributed in old, young, border and poor areas. In addition to further improving the local ecological protection level, supporting high-quality development with high-level protection has become an urgent need. National-scale research shows that in 2018, among the 832 national poverty-stricken counties in the country, 787 were distributed with nature reserves at all levels and types, accounting for 94.59% of the total number of poor counties. Among them, 77 counties with a coverage area of more than 30% of the nature reserves reached 77. Although these poor counties have all been lifted out of poverty in 2020, social and economic development is still relatively lagging behind; among the 44 county-level administrative regions involved in the first batch of five national parks, they also include 12 old revolutionary district counties, 11 ethnic minority counties and 3 land border counties. The primary task of supporting high-quality development at high-level protection is to improve the protection level of nature reserves, improve the quality of ecological assets and the supply capacity of high-quality ecological products, and cultivate a green background for high-quality development; on this basis, it is necessary to expand the transformation channels of the “two mountains” through effective ecological asset management, and support the achievement of high-quality development in old, young, border and poor areas.
The new era requires China to transform from a participant in global biodiversity governance to a leader
At present, the world is facing severe biodiversity crisis and governance difficulties. It is urgent to provide leadership to promote the transformation of the governance system to reverse the situation of continuous decline in biodiversity. Biodiversity ConservationCinema 1950 witch cloth drawConservation is related to human survival and developmentThe global affairs to be carried out are the directions that need to be paid attention to in building a community with a shared future for mankind.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has attached great importance to biodiversity protection and systematically promoted the reform of the national park system. As the chairman of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15), it has promoted the passage of the “Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework”, playing a key role in the global ecological governance process and established a Chinese paradigm that emphasizes both institutional innovation and practical transformation. In the new era, China has the conditions to shift from an active participant in global biodiversity governance to an active leader, comprehensively enhance its voice and institutional shaping power in global biodiversity governance, and contribute Chinese wisdom and solutions to global biodiversity governance. The natural reserve system with national parks as the main body not only undertakes the basic support tasks of domestic ecological security and high-quality development, but also shoulders the strategic mission of participating in global governance, displaying Chinese solutions, and promoting the transformation from “following and integrating” to “rule shaping”.
New problems and challenges faced in the construction of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body in the new era
With the in-depth advancement of my country’s natural reserve construction system, while achieving remarkable results, there are still many practical problems and deep challenges that need to be solved urgently. On the one hand, some regions have unilaterally understood “the strictest protection” as limiting all human activities, artificially splitting the relationship between man and nature, inspiring contradictions between man and nature, and weakening the social foundation of the construction of the natural reserve system; on the other hand, structural problems such as the weak “systematicity” and the single function of nature reserves are still prominent, which restricts the overall governance efficiency of nature reserves and hinders the transformation process of the “two mountains”.
“Fortress-style” protection has separated the relationship between nature and society and intensified the contradiction between man and nature
“Fortress-style” protection was once the dominant model of the construction of nature reserves in the world and my country. By strictly demarcating the boundaries of protected areas and restricting human activities within the area, we can achieve the goal of ecological protection. This model played an important role in my country’s rapid industrialization, urbanization, low awareness of ecological civilization, and serious ecological environment damage. In particular, the “Green Shield” special operation and central ecological environment protection inspection and other measures have effectively curbed illegal mining and blue jade Hua brought Cai Xiu to the kitchen of Pei’s family. Cai Yi was already busy with work. She stepped forward without hesitation and rolled up her sleeves. , destructive tourism development and other behaviors have made important contributions to curbing ecosystem degradation and safeguarding national ecological security.
At present, the concept of global nature reserve governance is gradually shifting from “fortress-style” protection to integrated governance, emphasizing the compatibility and progress of ecological protection and community welfare. Since the 10th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP10) in 2010, “multi-party participation” and “focus on local communities” have become the core concepts of global nature reserve construction. In recent years, my country has gradually promoted community participation in governance and interest sharing mechanisms in the construction of national parks.Search. For example, implement the “one household, one post” ecological management and maintenance staff mechanism, pilot community co-management committee system, etc. However, due to the dependence of traditional governance paths, “fortress-style” protection is still the mainstream model adopted by my country’s natural reserve system. With the end of my country’s large-scale industrialization and urbanization stages, and the improvement of citizens’ awareness of ecological civilization, this governance model faces problems such as hindering the transformation of the “two mountains”, continuous increase in governance costs, increasingly rigid management methods, and high incidence of contradictions and conflicts. It also brings uncertainty and potential risks to the long-term ecological protection results, and cannot meet the needs of harmonious coexistence between man and nature in the new era (I).
Misinterpretation of “strictest protection” and breeding unscientific protection behaviors
The “Overall Plan for Establishing a National Park System” issued in 2017 clearly requires national parks to implement “strictest protection”. The “Guiding Opinions on Establishing a Natural Reserve System with National Parks as the Main” issued in 2019 further proposes to adhere to the basic principle of strict protection. However, in practice, “strictest protection” is often understood one-sidedly, and some regions simply equate it with a comprehensive closed management. For example, the strict restrictions on the implementation of “one-size-fits-all” restrictions on the livelihood production activities of local communities and the development of some green industries that help balance the protection and development relationship are inconsistent with the spirit of the country’s requirement to deeply implement the “two mountains” concept. In fact, the original intention of the “strictest protection” policy is to achieve high standards, high quality and scientific protection under the premise of strictest implementation of protection policies and strictly prohibiting destructive development. From a scientific perspective, “the strictest protection” should be guided by ecological principles. It is necessary to ensure the continuation of ecological processes and biodiversity, and to maintain the systematic integrity of the “mountain, river, forest, field, lake, grass, sand, ice-man” life community, and achieve harmonious coexistence between man and nature on the basis of protection priority. If the concept is not understood and implemented properly, it is easy to lead to local governance imbalances, such as difficult to implement boundary demarcation and zoning management, frequent community conflicts; in the long run, it may also weaken the credibility and sustainability of the national park system.
From international experience, strict protection, economic development and public welfare functions of national parks can achieve benign interaction. The United States, Canada, Finland and other countries have scientifically defined functional partitions, set up small-scale recreation areas only on the edge, and guided visitors to carry out low-intensity and in-depth “You Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw just said what your father and mother want to teach Xi’s family?” Lan Yuhua asked impatiently. In her previous life, she saw Sima Zhao’s heart for the Xi family, so she was not surprised. She is more curious about the ecological experience, which can not only meet citizens’ diversified recreation needs, but also receive a certain amount of money.> Benefits for national park protection. Taking Yellowstone National Park in the United States as an example, the current visitor activities are mainly concentrated on roads and developed areas that cover less than 1% of the area. Through the complete recreation route planning, the interference of disorderly travel and other interference to the ecosystem has been effectively avoided. In 2024, Yellowstone National Park in the United States received 4.693 million visitors, and over US$12 million per year has been used for infrastructure renovation and key habitat restoration in the park, achieving the feedback of “small area” development to the protection of “large area”.
The “systematicity” of the natural reserve system is still insufficient, affecting the overall protection and governance results
The establishment of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration in 2018 effectively solved the “Nine Dragons Water Control” problem that China’s nature reserve system has long faced. However, due to factors such as the different priorities of different types of protected land construction under the background of rapid reform, the current construction of the natural reserve system has not actually been coordinated from the perspective of the entire “system”, affecting the overall effectiveness of the construction of the entire nature reserve system. The integration and optimization of nature reserves that have been launched since 2020 has also caused a “system” game between the central and local governments and departments to adjust the space of nature reserves, affecting the entire integration and optimization process. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the construction of national parks has become the top priority in the construction of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body, and has been placed in a priority position. However, during the creation of national parks, the area is often too large, with tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of square kilometers. It is not coordinated to promote the construction of regional national parks, nature reserves and natural parks from the perspective of establishing a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body, so that the “subjectivity” of national parks is highlighted, while the “systematicity” of the entire natural reserve system is still insufficient. For example, Gaoligongshan National Park has created plans to cover important biogeographic units in Yunnan and Tibet, covering a large range of alpine canyons and biological corridors. It also involves many settlements, transportation corridors and a group of natural parks that can not only provide the public with opportunities to get close to nature, enjoy nature, but also effectively drive the development of local communities.
This method of creating national parks that pursues the size of the area and ignores the “systematic” has brought many problems: it has caused the problem of collaborative management across administrative regions; it has increased the contact interface between national parks and surrounding population gathering areas,This will increase the workload and difficulty of mediating conflicts and conflicts; some areas where ecological functions can be undertaken by natural parks are also included in the national park category, raising ecological protection standards, increasing governance pressure, and affecting protection effect and social acceptance.
In the process of integrating and optimizing natural reserves, “skylights” are opened too much, bringing dual risks of ecological and social
In the process of national park construction and integrating and optimizing natural reserves, “skylights” are frequently used as spatial regulation tools to solve historical problems such as mining rights and settlements. According to statistics, the number of “skylights” in the first five national parks established has exceeded 350, with a total area of more than 2,504.82 km2. The spatial range overlaps with 88 townships, involving a population of more than 1.16 million. However, although this spatial regulation method solves some of the actual contradictions, if it is overly relied on “skylight” management, it may bring dual ecological and social risks to the protected area system.
At the ecological level, the “skylight” has changed the original spatial integrity and connectivity of the protected areas, resulting in habitat fragmentation, enhancement of marginal effects and interruption of ecological processes, weakening the national park’s ability to resist interference from human activities, and thus affecting its long-term protection efficiency.
At the social level, “skylight” can easily cause asymmetric allocation of resource management and ecological responsibilities, aggravate the phenomenon that ecological protection costs are borne by local communities and ecological benefits are shared by wider regions, and damage the foundation of fair governance. At the same time, the expansion of “Skylight” regional development activities may also induce land speculation and spatial mismatch problems, increasing management complexity and conflict risks.
The multifunctionality of nature reserves is not fully valued, and social functions such as scientific research, education, and recreation are weak
In addition to the protection functions, nature reserves also have multiple functions such as scientific research, education, and recreation. Promoting the construction of multiple functions of nature reserves can not only give full play to its natural, social and economic benefits, but also help improve its governance efficiency. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the ecological protection functions of nature reserves have been highly valued. Most administrative, law enforcement, scientific and technological and financial resources have been invested in the ecological environment of nature reserves. Environmental supervision and protection and restoration have promoted the improvement of the quality and functions of nature reserve ecosystems. However, other functions that support the effective governance of nature reserves have not been fully valued, resulting in relatively weak scientific research, education, experience, recreation and other functions in my country’s natural reserve system.
In terms of scientific research, most protected areas lack systematic scientific research monitoring plans. Only 8 sites in the National Ecosystem Observation and Research Network (CNERN) are located in the national nature reserves, and about 70% of the 474 national nature reserves have not established a normalized scientific research cooperation mechanism, and the external collaborative innovation capabilities are insufficient.
Educational aspectsThe natural education system in most protected areas is still incomplete, and the content is mainly based on basic science popularization. There is a lack of natural education system design such as teaching, display, and experience covering all ages. As of the end of 2024, only 18.02% of the 505 nature education bases in the country were established in nature reserves, and the development of educational functions was lagging behind.
In terms of recreation, some protected areas are still mainly managed in closed management, and ecological experience areas are not reasonably designated. The recreational products are single and in-depth experiences are lacking. The average stay time of the first batch of national park visitors in my country is only 1.2 days, far lower than the international level of 3-5 days.
The shortcomings in scientific research, education and recreation functions not only weaken the supporting role of nature reserves in the modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, but also weaken the scientific, knowledge and social foundation for nature reserves to carry out ecological protection.
The mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products is not sound, and the transformation path of the “two mountains” is not smooth. Nature reserves are the areas with the richest ecological products and the highest quality. However, for a long time, due to the imperfect mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products, the transformation path of the “two mountains” is not smooth, and the ecological advantages have not been transformed into local development advantages. Many nature reserves and surrounding communities are facing livelihood transformation difficulties. Nature reserves have many high-quality material supply ecological products, but since there is no effective “nature reserve product” certification system, the market recognition and added value of the products are low, and good ecological products are not sold at a good price. There are many cases in the world that use the brand value of protected areas to enhance the market recognition and added value of ecological products. For example, in order to enhance the popularity and added value of agricultural products in the national park franchise area, the French Biodiversity Agency launched the collective brand “National Park Spirit” in 2015. All 11 national parks in the region have launched brand logos with their own characteristics. In 2022, the collective brand brought about 20% added value to the regional agricultural development development Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw exhibition.
At the same time, nature reserves have a rich variety of cultural service ecological products such as nature education, ecological experience, and ecological recreation, but Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw face problems such as high-quality resources and low-quality development, or “one-size-fits-all” ban on development, and the potential for the transformation of the “two mountains” has not been fully released; at the same time, ecological recreation development is mostly dominated by external capital, and the rights and interests of local communities are not protected. Although the adjustment ecological products are of great value, they are difficult to achieve value transformation due to difficulties in defining property rights and supply and demand entities and lack of market trading mechanisms; ecological compensationThe government’s mechanism for purchasing ecological protection services is still not sound, and it faces the lack of sources of ecological compensation funds and low compensation standards, unclear boundaries of government responsibilities for purchasing ecological protection services, opaque purchase procedures, and irregular dispute resolution mechanisms. What about him? etc.
New ideas for promoting the construction of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body in the new era
The new era needs to be based on the integrity of the ecosystem, the protection of authenticity and the requirements of the “two mountains” concept, and deepen the reform of the natural reserve system with national parks as the main body in terms of changing the protection concept, optimizing spatial layout, promoting community co-construction and sharing, attaching importance to the multifunctionality of protected areas, strengthening cultural diversity protection and inheritance and utilization, and strengthening international cooperation and dissemination, and deepening the reform of the natural reserve system with national parks as the main body, and contribute to the Chinese-style modernization construction.
Gradually change the “fortress-style” protection concept and management method, and establish a protection concept and governance system for harmonious coexistence between man and nature
Faced with the new requirements for harmonious coexistence between man and nature in the new era, my country’s natural reserve system needs to gradually shift from the traditional “fortress-style” protection to the protection concept and model of “harmonious coexistence between man and nature”. The protection concept of “harmonious coexistence between man and nature” emphasizes that “man and nature are a community of life”. It cannot simply “protect in circles” to exclude communities and other relevant parties from nature reserves, and artificially separate the relationship between man and nature. Does the nature reserve where “man and nature live in harmony” govern their own identity? On the one hand, we need to be cautious in promoting large-scale ecological migration in general control areas of nature reserves, regard local communities as an important part of nature reserves, and establish community co-management and ecological management posts. Mechanisms such as draw will transform communities from resource users of nature reserves to ecological guardians, and establish and improve ecological compensation, green development and collective land rights protection mechanisms to promote sustainable development of communities and stimulate the endogenous driving force of ecological protection in communities; on the other hand, we need to shift from a governance model that relies solely on government administration to a government-led and multi-party participation, establish and improve a multi-party participation system, encourage social organizations, scientific research institutions, enterprises and other relevant parties to participate in the construction and management of nature reserves, form a governance pattern led by government-led and multi-subject co-construction, co-governance and sharing, and solve the problems of intensifying conflicts and barriers between nature reserves and communities, local governments and other stakeholders brought about by the “fortress-style” protection led by administrative orders.
Scientifically understand the strictest protection of national parks and achieve the protection goals with high-level protection
In order to effectively maintain the authenticity and integrity of natural ecosystems and effectively protect biodiversity and ecological functions, the “strictest” protection requirements should be understood and implemented from a scientific perspective. Strictly manage national parks in accordance with laws and regulations. We must not only strengthen the protection of the authenticity and integrity of the ecosystem in accordance with the law, but also safeguard the basic rights and interests of local communities and other relevant parties in accordance with the law, and protect high-level protection and reasonable human activities with the law. Manage national parks strictly in accordance with scientific laws. Strengthen scientific monitoring and research on the evolution of national park ecosystems to provide scientific support for their scientific management; improve the scientific decision-making and consultation mechanism of national parks to ensure the scientific nature of management. Strictly implement the diversified fund guarantee system based on fiscal investment to ensure sufficient financial support for national park ecological protection, restoration and conflict mediation. From the perspective of the system, we need to coordinate the construction of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body. In the new era, we need to reverse the pattern of building a national park, nature reserves and natural parks separately. From the perspective of the “system”, we need to coordinate the construction of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body, and enhance the overall synergy effect of the natural reserve system. It is recommended that in the national biodiversity protection priority areas and important ecological functions, priority will be given to promoting the spatial layout planning of the nature reserve system based on in-depth and scientific investigation, and based on their respective functional positioning, the spatial layout of national parks, nature reserves and natural parks will be clarified. On this basis, the creation and integration and optimization of various protected areas will be coordinated, so as to establish a regional nature reserve system with clear division of labor and overall coordination. While improving the habitat connectivity of the entire region and the adaptability of climate change, it will take into account regional development and the public’s closeness to natural needs, rather than just establishing national parks with excessive area, which will cause difficulties in unified management and balanced protection and development relations. Taking the Gaoligong Mountain area as an example, a protected area system including Gaoligong Mountain National Park, multiple nature reserves and multiple nature parks should be built in combination with protection value, management feasibility, regional development demands, etc., taking into account regional ecological protection and social and economic development demands.
Please delineate and scientifically manage the “skylight” to protect the authenticity and integrity of a large area of natural ecosystem
In the new stage of construction of a “nature conservation area system with national parks as the main body”, the protection goal has shifted from area coverage to protection effectiveness. To this end, we should scientifically grasp the positioning of “skylight” as a spatial governance and regulation mechanism and adhere to non-essentialThe principle of not opening a “skylight” will reduce the number of “skylights” and avoid establishing a “rife with holes” and “crisis-ridden” protection system. Conflicts between protection and development are preferred to be coordinated and resolved through refine functional partitioning and refined management. On this basis, we will improve the demarcation and management control system of “skylight” and build a new spatial regulation mechanism that takes into account ecological integrity and social fairness, including establishing a standard system for demarcation of “skylight” with ecological security priority, strictly demarcate applicable conditions, and prevent the generalization of “skylight”; introduce ecological risk assessment and land space function coordination mechanisms to achieve accurate demarcation of “skylight”; innovate the “skylight” management model, promote the implementation of the “classification-grading-zoning” differentiated management system, and improve the systematic governance level of the “skylight” area.
Improve the community participation and benefit sharing mechanism, and build a solid social foundation for ecological protection
Communities are an important stakeholder in the governance of nature reserves. Improve the community participation and benefit sharing mechanism is the key to achieving effective governance of China’s nature reserves. The key to establishing a community participation mechanism lies in clarifying the status of the community in the governance of nature reserves through the formulation and revision of relevant laws. It is recommended that the legal status, rights, responsibilities and interests of the community be clarified in the amendment of the National Park Law and subsequent Nature Reserve Regulations. On this basis, a diversified community participation mechanism will be established, including establishing and improving the community co-management and ecological public welfare post system, training community nature education commentators and ecological guides, and giving priority to hiring local residents in business and service projects.
Key points of establishing a community benefit sharing mechanism: ① Establish a community collective land and homestead rights protection system to prevent damage to the land rights of community residents due to the adjustment of functional areas of protected areas, the implementation of ecological restoration projects, and the damage to the land rights of community residents during land equity, transfer, and redemption; ② Establish a community interest protection system for commercial projects, clarify the proportion of community benefits distribution to the proportion of employees in various types of commercial projects, and ensure that ecological dividends are fairly implemented in the community.
Strengthen the protection of cultural diversity in nature reserves, and explore traditional ecological wisdom to help the construction of protected areas that can help humans and nature coexist harmoniously
my country’s nature reserves are mostly distributed in ethnic areas, which not only nurture rich biodiversity, but also retain rich cultural diversity. The two complement each other and together constitute the characteristics and advantages of China’s nature reserve system. In the long-term coexistence with nature, local residents have formed many cultural traditions and ecological wisdom that respect and protect nature, which are important cultural foundations for establishing a natural reserve where man and nature coexist harmoniously. In the new era, the construction of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body must adhere to the concept of ecological protection, while paying attention to the protection of local cultural diversity and important cultural heritage. It is recommended to launch a survey on the cultural diversity of China’s natural reserve system and a census of important cultural heritages to establish a Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw Establish a cultural diversity database and database that matches the biodiversity database. On this basis, we will deeply explore the ecological wisdom in the local culture of the region where various nature reserves are located, combine the needs of natural reserve construction where man and nature coexist harmoniously, and creatively transform it into an ecological culture that is rooted in the local cultural soil and meets the requirements of ecological civilization construction, and apply it to the cultural construction of local community in the protection area, enhance the pride, sense of belonging and endogenous driving force of ecological protection, and build a solid cultural foundation for ecological protection.
Strengthen the construction of natural education and ecological experience systems, and improve the ecological welfare of the whole people
Natural reserves are the most important and most important part of the natural ecosystem in the country, and are also the most ideal place to carry out natural education and ecological experience. In view of the current nature reserves, especially national parks and Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw nature reserves, which provide the public with little opportunities to get close to nature and enjoy nature, and cannot meet the people’s growing needs for a beautiful ecological environment, the construction of the nature reserve system in the new era needs to strengthen ecological protection and restoration, while strengthening ecological protection and restoration, it is necessary to take into account the construction of a natural education and ecological experience system.
Construction of the natural education system: It is urgent to reverse the current situation where only emphasis is placed on venue construction and curriculum development, ignore policy support, talent training, and social participation system construction, and strengthen the top-level design of the construction of the natural education system by issuing guiding opinions and preparing special plans, and formulate a financial and financial policy support system and talent training system to promote the development of natural education, so as to provide systematic support for the vigorous development of nature education in China’s nature reserves.
Construction of ecological experience system: We must adhere to the principle of “small-scale development, low-intensity utilization, and deep experience”, scientifically lay out ecological experience functional areas in general control areas of national parks, nature reserves and nature parks, and strive to feed back large-scale ecological protection through small-area development and utilization, and provide the public with more opportunities to experience the beauty of the ecological. In terms of functional positioning, the construction of the national park’s ecological experience system focuses on strengthening the display of national image, attaching importance to the cultivation of national cultural confidence and patriotic education, and focusing on the development of high-quality, low interference, low substitution and outstanding educational ecological experience products; nature reserves focus on the development of ecological experience products featuring scientific research, study, biodiversity survey, and ecological environment monitoring; nature parks undertake a wider range of ecological recreation and public welfare ecological leisure functions, enhancing the opportunity for the whole people to get close to nature and enjoy nature.
So soundThe mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products and smoothing the channels for transforming the “two mountains”
Improving the value of ecological products is the key to balancing the relationship between protection and development and alleviating the contradictions between protected areas and communities, protected areas and localities faced by the construction of the current nature reserve system. As the region with the richest and highest quality ecological products, China’s natural reserve system urgently needs to explore the mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products based on the types and characteristics of ecological products.
For material supply ecological products, the key is to establish a nationwide unified brand certification, quality traceability and supervision system for ecological products in nature reserves, significantly increase the added value of high-quality agricultural and animal husbandry products in protected areas, and support the development of local communities with small-scale production and operation activities that do not destroy the ecological functions of protected areas.
For cultural service ecological products, it is necessary to combine the public recreation needs in the new era, rely on the high-quality natural education and ecological experience resources of nature reserves, and create a number of high-quality hiking, mountaineering, camping, cycling, adventure, study, and health care bases, and give local communities the right to participate first and profit distribution rights in the development of ecological recreation, cultural experience and other products, so as to drive the revitalization of local communities.
For the ecological products of Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw, based on the clear ownership of property rights and scientific value accounting, and the implementation of the primary compensation responsibilities of the public sector, we should actively explore market allocation methods such as water rights, carbon emission rights, and natural landscape rights to promote the transformation of ecosystem services from free supply to paid utilization; at the same time, the system will build a vertical and horizontal coordinated ecological compensation mechanism, and establish a compensation standard system with hierarchical classification and dynamic adjustment around the intensity and benefit scope of ecosystem services.
Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation, learn from the world’s most advanced concepts and promote China’s solutions to the international community
President Xi Jinping put forward the concept of “jointly building a community of life on earth” at the Leaders’ Summit of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2021, and pointed out that the international community should strengthen cooperation, think in one direction and work in one direction, and build a community of life on earth together. Strengthening international exchanges and cooperation in the field of nature reserves is a necessary path to jointly build a community of life on earth:
We need to fully learn from the advanced concepts and experience of international nature reserve governance to further promote the level of nature reserve governance in China. Our country should participate in the United Nations Educational and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Biomassmultilateral governance mechanisms such as the Convention on Modity (CBD) to strengthen in-depth cooperation in areas such as classification standards for protected areas, management rules and capacity building. Domestic scientific research institutions, protected area management departments and internationally renowned protected area networks should be supported to carry out joint scientific research, personnel exchanges and technical cooperation, and promote the introduction and localization of advanced concepts.
International publicity and promotion of China’s natural reserve governance achievements and experience are needed. my country has formed replicable and promoted experience in the fields of nature reserve space planning, monitoring system construction, ecological protection and restoration, ecological asset accounting, and ecological product value realization. It is recommended to make full use of the “Belt and Road” and South-South cooperation framework to systematically carry out publicity and promotion of Chinese experience and Chinese solutions. The UNESCO Fifth World Biosphere Reserve Conference held in Hangzhou in 2025 provides China with an important window for international cooperation. It should strengthen policy reserves and results display. It should not only make a difference at this conference, but also take this as a starting point to continue to speak out on important international occasions, and enhance my country’s discourse power and leadership in global biodiversity governance.
(Authors: Huang Baorong, Hu Xuetian, Tang Ling, Wang Zhi, Zhang Zhi, Institute of Science and Technology Strategic Consulting of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Public Policy and ManagementKomiks 1960 witch cloth drawSchool of Science and Technology Strategic Consulting of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Parks and Nature Reserve Research Center; Zhang Huizhi, Institute of Data Science and Agricultural Economics, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences; provided by Proceedings of the Chinese Academy of Sciences)